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Xenopolycythemia is a rare blood disease, causing a slow loss of red blood cell replacement in the human body. The disease is always fatal within a year if not treated early. The cure, possessed by the Fabrini in the 23rd century, is extremely uncomfortable, and the drug must be administered in small doses at specific intervals during the treatment period. When given in time, recovery is 100%.

In 2152, when Captain Archer was kidnapped and put on trial by the Klingon Empire, Doctor Phlox told them he had xenopolycythemia so that he could meet with him. He said that it was highly contagious, and that they should have put him in quarantine to get the guard to leave. (ENT: "Judgment")

In the 2150s, a sample of this disease's pathogen was stored at Cold Station 12. (ENT: "Cold Station 12")

Dr. McCoy contracted xenopolycythemia in 2268, but was cured by Spock's discovery of the Fabrini cure. (TOS: "For the World is Hollow and I Have Touched the Sky")

The Star Trek Concordance describes xenopolycythemia as characterized by excessive proliferation of red blood cells. There is actually a variation of acute leukemia with this feature, called erythroleukemia.
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