Treaty of Algeron

The Treaty of Algeron was a peace treaty signed between the United Federation of Planets and the Romulan Star Empire in 2311, following the events of the Tomed Incident. The Treaty of Algeron was signed approximately 160 years after the conclusion of the Earth-Romulan War. (TNG: "The Pegasus")

The Treaty of Algeron may have been signed on Algeron IV.

The treaty reinforced and redefined the Romulan Neutral Zone, and made clear that any violations of the Zone without adequate notification, by either side, would be considered an act of war. (TNG: "The Defector"; ENT: "These Are the Voyages...") The treaty also expressly prohibited the development or use of cloaking device technology by the Federation. Then-Captain Pressman attempted to circumvent this clause in 2358 with the test of a phasing cloaking device developed covertly at least in some part by Starfleet Intelligence aboard the USS Pegasus. (TNG: "The Pegasus")

While not mentioned on screen, it's possible Section 31 was the part of Starfleet Intelligence responsible for the mandate of, and subsequent cover up for the previously mentioned Phase Cloak Device. (ENT: "These Are the Voyages...")

On at least one occasion Starfleet created self-replicating mines with cloaking ability, with no mention of Romulan complaints. It is possible that the treaty ban only related to the use of cloaking devices on space-faring vessels. Alternatively, the cloaking devices in the mines may have been Klingon in origin. (DS9: "Call to Arms")

An exception to the treaty in 2371 allowed for the limited supervised use of at least one cloaking device on loan from the Romulans. Operation of the cloaking device was to be limited to the Gamma Quadrant. In return, the Romulans would receive all information the Federation obtained on the USS Defiant's voyages into the Gamma Quadrant, most importantly any information concerning the Dominion. As such, the Defiant was the only Federation ship to be permanently equipped with a cloaking device. (DS9: "The Search, Part I", "Visionary") However, Captain Benjamin Sisko and his crew violated this amendment on several occasions by using the cloaking device in the Alpha Quadrant. (DS9: "The Way of the Warrior", et al)

According to Sisko, a Romulan officer (T'Rul) was supposed to join the Defiant crew to operate the cloaking device and ensure its safekeeping. However, no Romulan liaison officers were seen aboard the Defiant after DS9: "The Search, Part II".

In Q's anti-time future, the Federation possessed and openly used cloaking technology. The Romulan Empire had been conquered by the Klingon Empire, which presumably nullified the Treaty. (TNG: "All Good Things...")

Apocrypha

In the video game Star Trek: The Next Generation: A Final Unity, the Treaty has a provision allowing entry into the Neutral Zone for scientific or archeological purposes, which the Enterprise-D exploited to investigate a Chodak planet.

In the game Star Trek Online, the Treaty of Algeron is no longer in effect as of 2409 due to the destruction of Romulus and the reformation of the Romulan Empire under Empress Sela. The Federation fields three ships with cloaking technology, the Galaxy-class Dreadnought as seen in "All Good Things..." and a retrofit of the Defiant-class, as well as the Avenger-classbattlecruiser, which is specifically designed to compete with comparable Klingon vessels.