The temporal lobes are lateral parts of the brain and are part of the cerebellum.

On Omicron Theta, Doctor Noonian Soong experimented with scanning the synaptic patterns of the colonists' temporal lobes and programmed them into Data's neural nets. (TNG: "Silicon Avatar")

When Doctor Julian Bashir ran a full neurosynaptic comparison of the brains of Jadzia Dax and Miles O'Brien in 2369, he found the same pattern, the aphasia virus, in their temporal lobes. (DS9: "Babel")