Neurophysiology is a branch of physiology that focuses on the nervous system, particularly the brain.
Vulcan neurophysiology was known to be much more resilient than that of Humans or Denobulans. (ENT: "Rajiin")
A lifeform's neurophysiology determined whether or not their memory could be wiped via the erasure of memory engrams. In 2153, Doctor Phlox informed Captain Archer that his recent studies of Xindi neurophysiology lead him to believe that he could erase recent memories from members of the species. (ENT: "Stratagem")
In 2367, when Counselor Deanna Troi lost her empathic abilities, Doctor Beverly Crusher discovered unresponsive neural cells throughout Troi's cerebellum and cerebral cortex. Doctor Crusher mentioned that she'd have to study up on Betazoid physiology in order to determine if she could treat the damage. (TNG: "The Loss")
Doctor Julian Bashir asked Nurse Jabara to pull up Chief O'Brien's neuro-physiological history after O'Brien started speaking incoherently in early 2369. (DS9: "Babel")
Starfleet tricorders had the ability to run neurophysiology scans. In 2369, Doctor Crusher asked Lt. Worf if he ran a neurophysiology scan or anatomical profile on the being that claimed to be Kahless the Unforgettable. (TNG: "Rightful Heir")
Entering a different time continuum unprotected caused neuro-physical stress on the human brain. Captain Jean-Luc Picard experienced a form of temporal narcosis as a result of his encounter with a temporal disturbance in 2369. (TNG: "Timescape")
The Boraalan neurophysiology was not conducive to memory wipes. During the secret transport of a Boraalan village aboard the USS Enterprise-D, Vorin, that discovered he was aboard a starship, and because his memory could not be wiped, he committed ritual suicide after being told he could not tell his fellow villagers the truth. (TNG: "Homeward")