The Lunar colonies marked the first effort of the Human colonization of space and were established in the late 21st century on Earth's moon, Luna.

In the mirror universe the Lunar colonies were bombarded by an Emmette-type starship sometime before the NX-class of starships came into use. (Opening credits, ENT: "In a Mirror, Darkly", "In a Mirror, Darkly, Part II")

In the 22nd century, Lunar One colony was the largest of all Lunar colonies. The Orpheus Mining Colony was another settlement on Luna during the 22nd century. (ENT: "Zero Hour", "Demons")

By 2373, the population was about fifty million and primary points of interest on the Moon included Copernicus City, Lunaport, Tranquility Base, Tycho City, New Berlin and Lake Armstrong. (Star Trek: First Contact)

Among the Humans born on the Lunar colonies were Beverly Crusher and Dorian Collins. (TNG: "Conundrum"; DS9: "Valiant"). People born or living on the Lunar colonies were often called Lunar schooners by Earth-based Humans. (DS9: "Valiant")