Explosive decompression is a violent, sudden drop in ambient air pressure that occurs within one tenth of a second.

Disabling (or the failure of) the containment field around the shuttlebays or cargo bays or a major hull breach on board a starship in space (or any environment of substantially lower pressure) will result in an explosive decompression. (TNG: "Contagion", "Disaster")

Opening the shuttlebay or cargo bay hatch without the containment field will also have the same result - on a Galaxy-class starship, decompressing the main shuttlebay causes a reaction sufficient to move the ship slightly. (TNG: "Cause and Effect")

In 2154, the Enterprise NX-01 lost several crew members, including Jane Taylor, to an explosive decompression during the Battle of Azati Prime. (ENT: "Azati Prime")

In 2233 of the alternate reality, at least one USS Kelvin officer was blown into space through a hull breach during a battle with the Narada. (Star Trek)

Warning! This section may contain spoilers for new Star Trek material.

In 2259, Montgomery Scott opened an airlock aboard the USS Vengeance to allow access for James T. Kirk and Khan Noonien Singh. A Section 31 security officer was blown into space as a result. (Star Trek Into Darkness)

In 2368, the USS Enterprise-D decompressed its main shuttlebay in order to avoid a collision with the USS Bozeman. (TNG: "Cause and Effect")

One of Dukat's duties, when he was a Glinn serving aboard the Cardassian starship Kornaire, was to clean out a compartment where three men had been killed by explosive decompression. In 2374, he would tell Benjamin Sisko that "I didn't sleep for a week after that". (DS9: "Waltz")

While in command of the USS Voyager in 2374, Chakotay ordered an explosive decompression to kill the Borg in the cargo bay. One drone, Seven of Nine, survived. (VOY: "Scorpion, Part II")

During the Battle of the Bassen Rift, the Reman warbird Scimitar launched a volley of photon torpedoes at the USS Enterprise-E's bridge, resulting in an explosive decompression which killed Lieutenant Branson. (Star Trek Nemesis)