The deuterium tank (or deuterium storage tank) is a component of the warp propulsion system aboard most starships that utilize a matter-antimatter reaction, such as Federation starships. The tank is designed to store deuterium for use in the warp core, in order to provide power to the nacelles. (TNG: "Disaster")

A shipment of deuterium storage tanks was due to be transferred to the holding vessel USS Tripoli from Surplus Depot Z15 in 2368. With the Tripoli discovered to be missing, the shipment was intercepted by a smuggler vessel and lost in its destruction. (TNG: "Unification II")

In 2374, the USS Voyager passed through a nebula containing harmful subnucleonic radiation. The radiation caused the ship's bio-neural gel packs to create false readings that the deuterium storage tanks were breaching, and causing a cascade failure in the Antimatter storage systems as well. The Doctor recommended that Seven of Nine eject the tanks, but they soon realized it was a computer error. (VOY: "One")